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1. Design and Fabrication of Multipurpose Agricultural Machine
Agriculture has been the backbone of the economy and it will continue to remain. Agriculture is the science and art of farming including cultivating the soil, producing crops and raising livestock. Generally, cultivation of any crop involves various steps like ploughing, harvesting, sowing, and irrigation. Farmer has to use various agricultural equipment’s and labours for caring out these steps, our purpose is to combine all the individual tools to provide farmers with multipurpose equipment which implements all the scientific farming techniques and specifications, suitable for all type of seed to seed cultivation with minimum cost as possible. All this can be done in this same machine. This multipurpose agro machine is wireless remote operated & designed and fabricated as a multipurpose equipment which is used for agricultural processes like ploughing, sowing seeds and sprinkling water. This machine works in both directions when it is pushed forward it ploughs the field with the help of plough. The height of the plough can be adjusted, with the help of screw arrangement and the seed feeder is mounted directly to the motor. The motor rotates and the shaft attached to it has holes. The motor is directly attached to the shaft with holes. When we push the agriculture machine in a backward direction, we can pick the plough up from the ground and the pump which is attached to the front shaft will start pumping the water from the tank and it will sprinkle water over the field.
2. Design and Fabrication of Windmill
Renewable energy has been on an increasing demand in the recent due to over stress on non-renewable resources and their increasing cost. Thus producing electricity with the use of renewable resource Wind energy has been taken up in this project. A Windmill, which rotates when there is enough wind, generates electricity owing to magnetic coupling between the rotating and stationary coil. A horizontally rotating prototype of Windmill is being used in this project. Mini Windmill Power Generation Project harnesses the Windmill i.e, Wind Turbine Generator to charge a 12V Battery. The System is based on Atmega328 microcontroller which smartly senses and charges the battery while displaying the voltage on the LCD. The Windmill, when in enough wind to drive it, generates power enough to charge a battery. Since it can work in favorable natural conditions by itself without consuming fossil fuel, it can charge the battery automatically and that too without any harmful emissions. Thus this project is an example how natural resources like the wind energy can be efficiently harnessed to produce electricity in harmony with nature.
3. Automobile Brake Failure Indicator
Abstract—Nowadays accidents may occur due to various reasons, the foremost reason is brake failure and is caused due to poor maintenance as well as product defect. In order to safe guard the valuable human life from these accidents; there is a need for monitoring of braking system in automobiles. Vehicle safety is the avoidance of automobile accidents or the minimization of harmful effects of accidents, in particular related to human life and health. Special safety features have been built into vehicles occupants only, and some for the safety of others. This is a brake failure indicator circuit that constantly monitors the condition of the brake and gives an audio-visual indication to rider.
Most cost effective vehicles depend on wire braking mechanism to apply brakes on the vehicle. This mechanism involves a Brake wire which runs from the brake lever to the braking mechanism set-up of the vehicle. It is this wire that gets pulled when we apply brakes to stop our vehicle. Brake may fail due to various reasons such as worn out of brake pads, damaged in rotor disks, cut in brake wire etc., after a long use and tear these wires might get worn out and get cut at one point of time which eventually will cause a brake failure. So in this project a circuit is build that continuously monitors the state of the braking system and indicate the continuity of brake wire, the circuit will glow a green colour LED if everything is fine, whereas it will blink red colour LED if the wire fails and also beep a buzzer to indicate the rider.
The above block diagram represents the major components of automobile brake failure indicator and how they are connected to achieve the desired result of the project. In this project we are using rechargeable battery, storage battery, or accumulator it is a type of electrical battery. It comprises one or more electrochemical cells, and is a type of energy accumulator. Rechargeable batteries come in many different shapes and sizes, ranging from button cells to megawatt systems connected to stabilize an electrical distribution network.A charging circuit is used to charge the battery with the help of transformer. Charging circuit convert AC to pulsating DC which in turn is converted to smooth DC with the help of the capacitor.18V Smooth DC is converted to 12V DC by the Voltage Regulator 7812
4. Design and Fabrication of a Pedal Operated Power Generator (Using By Cycle)
Abstract
Energy conservation is a topical issue and this design proffered an efficient method of doing so. The design was originally conceived to meet the energy needs of those living in rural areas, due to poor access to electricity and also as a model for gym centers and cycle workout studios. Most persons living in these rural areas possess at least a cell phone but lack the means to charge them. This study focused on the design and fabrication of a pedal operated power generator, for the intents of burning fats while yet generating electricity. The power generator was designed to be simple, cheap, durable and easily maintained. It was fabricated using locally sourced materials and is intended to encourage local ingenuity and empower aspiring entrepreneurs especially in developing countries. Its purpose is to efficiently transfer human foot motion less than 60 rpm via a treadle and sprocket-chain step-up to drive a 24V DC permanent magnet generator. The inverter converts the direct current (DC) into alternating current (AC) which is needed to charge low voltage devices like mobile phones, laptops etc. Upon completion, it was found to produce a voltage of 15V and 2.5A at a speed of 483rpm generator speed. The overall efficiency of the system was about 66.6%
Mechanism of Operation
The Pedal Operated Power Generator (POPG) is a type of generators in which the source of mechanical power is provided by the human effort while spinning a shaft, with its corresponding angular speed and torque . Usually, a sort of mechanical transmission system is needed to adapt these variables into the generator’s required ones . Then, this mechanical power is turned into electric power by the generator . The principle of using your pedal motion to create the same motion as a motor can be translated to almost any device, and the parts needed are all the same, and in the case of the pedal powered electrical device, the components include: A stationary bike or exercise bike, belt and pulley system, chain drive system, generator, blocking diode, fuse, battery and inverter system
5. DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF A SOLAR SPRAYER
Abstract:
A sprayer is a mechanical device used to spray the liquid like herbicides, pesticides, fungicides and fertilizers to the crops in order to avoid any pest and control the unwanted plant species. Sprayer provides optimum utilization of pesticides or any liquid with minimum efforts. In Indian farms generally two types of spray pumps are used for spraying, they are hand operated spray pump and fuel operated spray pump, out of which hand operated spray pumps are most popular. To kill the pests and insects pesticides, fertilizers are sprayed either manually or by using sprayers. Earlier, the pesticides and fertilizers were sprinkled manually, but they will result in harmful effects on farmers. In order to overcome this problem, different spraying techniques have been developed. These sprayers consist of different mechanisms and the cost of equipment is generally high. A solar operated sprayer is easy to handle and maintenance free, hence is affordable to the farmers. Therefore a solar operated sprayer is designed and fabricated. This system can be operated using solar energy or electrical energy. The solar energy is converted into electrical energy and is stored in a storage battery. The main advantages of the present system are the running cost reduces to minimum and consume less time. Solar energy from the sun is harvested on the solar panel. The panel is made up of photovoltaic cells, which converts photon energy to electric energy. These cells are made up of silicon semiconductor. Solar panel isused to generate electric energy and charge the battery. The charged battery is used to operate a DC pump for spraying the pesticides.
Working principle
The system consists of Solar panel, charging unit, battery, pump and sprayer. The solar panel delivers an output in the order of 12 volts and 20 Watts power to the charging unit. The charging unit is used to strengthen the signal from the solar panel. The charging unit delivers the signal which charges the battery. According to the charged unit, the pump operates, such that the sprayer works. Here fertilizer can be stored in tank. When the sun rays are falling on the solar panel electricity will be generated through the solar cells and stored in the battery. By the electric power in the battery the pump operates and therefore fertilizers from the tank is sprayed out through the sprayers. The layout of solar sprayer is shown in fig.1. There is no maintenance cost and operating cost as it is using solar energy and no pollution problem. Its working principle is very easy and it is economical for the farmers, which has one more advantage that it can also generate power that power is saved in the battery and it can be used for both for spraying and well as to light in the houses when there is no current supply.
6. DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF BATTERY OPERATED WEEDER MACHINE
Abstract - Weed is a plant that is considered undesirable in a particular situation, it is basically “a plant in the wrong place”. Weeds are needed to be controlled because it reduces crop quality by contaminating the commodity. Weeds reduce farm productivity, they invade crops, smother pastures and in some cases can be harmful for the livestock. They aggressively compete for water, nutrients and sunlight, resulting in reduced crop yield and poor crop quality. Weed control is one of the most difficult tasks on an agricultural farm. Mechanical weed control is easily adopted by farmers once they get convinced of its advantages. Motorized agriculture weeding machine not only uproots the weeds between the crops rows but also keeps the soil surface loose, ensuring better soil aeration and water intake capacity. Weeding by motorized Weeder reduces the cost of labor and also saves time. In human operated Weeder, muscle power is required and so it cannot be operated for long time. The traditional method of hand weeding is time consuming. In this Battery drive motorized weeder we use motorized system, which is powered by battery.
WORKING OF WEEDER MACHINE:
1. Initially start the motor with the help of on/off switch mounted on handle. We used the wiper motor.
2. The blades are used for the forward movement of the machine.
3. Battery is used to transmit power from motor to intermediate shaft.
4. The blades are mounted on the front side of the machine. When blades start rotating forwardmotion occurs.
5. Hence weeding is done with less effort and less cost
7. Design and Fabrication of Seed Sowing Machine
Abstract
Sowing machine should be suitable to all farms, all types of corps, robust construction, also is should be reliable, this is basic requirement of sowing machine. Thus we made sowing machine which is operated manually but reduces the efforts of farmers thus increasing the efficiency of planting also reduces the problem encountered in manual planting. For this machine we can plant different types and different sizes of seeds also we can vary the space between two seeds while planting. This also increased the planting efficiency and accuracy. We made it from raw materials thus it was so cheap and very usable for small scale farmers. For effective handling of the machine by any farmer or by any untrained worker we simplified its design. Also its adjusting and maintenance method also simplified.
8. Design and Fabrication of Pneumatic Sheet Metal Cutting and Bending Machine
Abstract
The sheet metal cutting process is a main part of the all industries. Normally the sheet metal cutting machine is manually hand operated one for medium and small scale industries. Automation in the modern world is inevitable. Any automatic machine aimed at the economical use of man, machine, and material worth the most. In our project is solenoid valve and control timing unit is used for automation. The sheet metal cutting machine works with the help of pneumatic double acting cylinder. The piston is connected to the moving cutting tool. It is used to cut the small size of the sheet metal. The machine is portable in size, so easy transportable. The bending machine is designed in such a way that, it works automatically. The automation strategy when implemented is believed to result in reduced cycle time, costs and improved product quality. Other possible advantages are repeatability, increased productivity, reduced labor and integration of business systems. The manually operated machine is converted into pneumatically operated machine by applying proper design procedure. At the end of task, the conclusion is made and several recommendations are suggests to make an improvement about the result and the project for future study.
WORKING PRINCIPLE
The sheet metal cutting and bending machine works with the help of pneumatic double acting cylinder. The piston is connected to the moving cutting tool. It is used to cut and bend the small size of the sheet metal. The machine is portable in size, so easy transportable. The compressed air from the compressor is used as the force medium for this operation. There are pneumatic double acting cylinders solenoid valves, flow control valve and the timer unit is used. The arm from the compressor enters to the flow control valve. The controlled air from the flow control valve enters to the solenoid valve. The function of solenoid valves all of air correct time interval. The 5/2 solenoid valve is used. In one position air enters to the cylinder and pushes the piston so that the cutting stroke is obtained. The next position air enters to the other side of cylinder and pusses the piston return back, so that the releasing stroke is obtained. The speed of the cutting and releasing stroke is varied by the timer control unit circuit. Next the same procedure repeats to bending machine operation.
9. Design and Fabrication of Low Cost Electric Bicycle
Abstract - Now days the automobile industry become more competitive the vehicles can get the energy from petrol or diesel engine for its drive. The recent years e-bike became more attractive and less maintenance cost. However only drawback of e-bike is requires frequent charging form EB supply. In this project is based charging arrangement on the ebike. The motor is used the electric energy from battery and battery can receive electric energy from hub dynamo. This energy is stored in battery. Market available e-bike batteries are designed to spent 6-8 hours/charge by using EB supply. This e-bikes running cost is very low, when compare to other sources of energy. Today available e-bike are using3-4numbers of 12v batteries. In this project only use one 24v battery, the battery cost is reduced. These batteries are charged by Hub dynamo. The electric supply cost also reduced
10. Fabrication of Low Cost Manual Crop Harvesting Machine
Abstract:
Harvesting is the important part in the agricultural industry.Modern harvesting technology is increasing day by day. But the cost of the harvesting machines is high. So, these can be only limited and suitable for the farmers having large agricultural land area i.e., more than two hectares.So, the farmers having less cultural area cannot rent (or) buy these harvesters for cutting ofcrops. So,the main aim of our project is to fabricate “Low Cost Manual Crop Harvesting Machine” which is efficiently suitable for the farmers having less area i.e.,less thantwo hectares for cultivation. This machine uses the power to drive the cutters from the wheels of the vehicle itself.Thecutting motion to the rotary blades is obtained through the bevel gears (or)crown wheel and pinion arrangement.By this project we can reduce the difficulties faced by farmers having less cultivation area by increasing productivity, time taken for harvesting and mainly overallcost for harvesting is minimized. Along thesethe difficulties faced due to scarcityof labour in these areas can also be reduced. In this project an attempt is made to design, develop and fabricate a low-cost manual harvesting machine which increase the overall productivity of the small scale farmersfor harvesting paddy crop in less time.
WORKING PRINCIPLE
The motion from the wheels is utilised to drive the cutters which is powered by pushing force of the operator. Initially the motion from the wheels is transferred through the axle to a crown wheel (largebevel gear) which rotates when the axle is rotated,so the crown wheel is rugged fit to the axle. The crown wheel transmits the motion to the pinion bevel gear upon which a sprocket is provided. The motion from the rear sprocket is transmitted to the front sprockets through the chain drivewhere the cuttersrotate and cutting action takes place
11. DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF SUGARCANE JUICE EXTRACTING MACHINE
Abstract
Extracting the juice from sugarcane has been a major problem, especially with the use of a traditional way that could damage the gum of the teeth and putting the human teeth in distress and require much energy. The main objective of the project is to design a sugarcane juice extracting machine, that will extract juice from sugarcane and that will separate the juice from the sugarcane and the bagasse. The crushing unit is made of two rollers which are 134 mm thick diameter and length of 265 mm, with crushing section of the roller of 17.8 mm length and the cutting blade section of the roller 8.7 mm, 148 mm long hollow stainless steel cylinders and stainless steel rods of 32 mm diameter. The machine was constructed by several well-established methods such as methods, such are as follows: Measuring, Marking Out Operation, Cutting Operation, Welding Operation, Grinding Operation. The machine was tested using a given sample of sugarcane weighing 22.5 kg, the mass of juice extracted was 4.1 kg, while the extraction took about 22 min. From the design, the axial deflection of the crusher is 3.540 x 105 m with an actual speed of the roller of 10.5 rpm. The design of the sugarcane juice extracting machine possesses simplicity in operation and maintenance as well as affordable with low running and maintenance costs with reliable efficiency
12. Design and Fabrication of Groundnut Harvester and Thresher
ABSTRACT:
In India, most of land use for the agricultural purpose which produces semi-finished product or goods. Around 65% of people depend on agriculture as the main occupation. Groundnut is also one of the agricultural semi-finished goods. Among the many fast-growing cash crops, small farmers have always looked after groundnut as the main crop to cultivate, but the major problem in growing the groundnut crop is harvesting and threshing .Digging or pulling of groundnuts from the soul is a labourers and time consuming process . One of the solutions for increasing the profit and productivity is to mechanize both harvesting and threshing operations in groundnut cultivation. For mechanizing these operations, tractor operated groundnut harvesters, and ground threshers have been developed. Hence a machine similar to the rice/wheat combine is the present need of the farmers through which harvesting and threshing of groundnut crop could be taken up simultaneously. Sensing the success of a combine harvester and thresher for rice/wheat, we have decided to develop and fabricate a combine harvester and thresher machine for the cultivation of groundnut.
WORKING :
The groundnut combine with the following components should perform the desired functions. The harvester for penetrating into the soil to the required depth and digging out the groundnut crop with pods. Picker conveyor pick up units of sufficient width to allow for picking and conveying the dug outcrops with pods from the soil surface. Collection chamber for collecting the crops with pods conveyed by the picker conveyor. Belt conveyor to convey the collected crop from one end of the harvester to other end. Elevator for elevating and feeding the conveyed crop with pods from the belt conveyor into the feeding chute of threshing unit. Feeding chute to regulate the flow of crops conveyed by the elevator into threshing cylinder. Thresher cylinder for separating the pods from the vines of groundnut crops. Blower for blowing out the chaff and dust particles after the threshing operation
13. Design and Fabrication of Multipurpose Agriculture Vehicle
Abstract:
The main aim of the project is to develop multipurpose agricultural vehicle, for performing major agricultural operations like ploughing, seeding, harvesting. The modification includes fabricating a vehicle which is small, compact in size. The project is about a machine design which makes cultivation much simpler. The design of the chassis of the vehicle is made in such a way that it is suitable for the operations. The design for automatic seed sowing equipment is made. The plough is designed and modified the currently available plough tool in such a way that it with stand the load. The harvester (cutter) is designed and working by scotch yoke mechanism.
Objective of the Project
• The primary objective is to develop a harvester which is simple and cost effective
• The reduction of cost of the Ploughing tool
• The life of the Ploughing tool is increase
14. Design & Fabrication of Remote Controlled Solar Lawn Mower
Abstract:
A remote controlled solar lawn mower is a device which reduces the work load on humans for trimming lawn. Rapid growth of various high-tech tools and equipment makes our work comfortable, accurate and time efficient. This project considers the implementation of a device which can be operated wirelessly with the help of a remote. Every action of the lawn mower is controlled by IR relays. The project also aims at fabricating a lawn mower in which, the motors run with the help of solar energy. The requirement of electricity around the world is increasing at an alarming rate due to industrial growth, which in turn leads to increased and extensive use of electrical gadgets. Solar energy is the best alternative source, which is both renewable, and an eco-friendly source of energy. This project will reduce environmental and noise pollution caused by conventional lawn mowers. This prototype is user friendly, cost efficient and environment friendly.
PROJECT OBJECTIVES:
The device which we have developed is a lawn mower which runs electrically by using DC motors which directly power the wheels, rotating brush and the cutter threads. The motors are powered using lead acid batteries which can be charged with the help of renewable solar energy. IR relays are used for controlling the movements of the device. The entire device is focused on lowering the fabrication and manufacturing costs to make it affordable to common man.
The main objectives of our project are:
1) To build an economic remote controlled solar lawn mower.
2) To develop a user friendly control system.
3) To design, fabricate and analyse the remote controlled lawn mower.
15. DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF AGRICULTURAL SOLAR PUMP
Abstract
Renewable energy sources that are abundant in nature and Solar Energy source specially, has the capability to provide energy requirements with almost zero emission. The solar energy is available in large quantities and no other source in renewable energy has as much potential as solar energy. The solar-powered water pumping system can be used in all walks of Works however it is widely used and suitable for rural areas that witness energy crisis situations. Due to geographical positions, sultanate of oman and gulf region has ample sunshine throughout the year which makes it ideal location for utilization of solar energy. Farms, Villages, and Cattle herds in developing countries need hydraulic output power of less than a 1kw (kilowatt). Many of these users are too far away from an electrical grid to economically tap that can be used as a source of power, or engine-driven pumping system that tends to be highly expensive as well as unreliable due to the high cost of purchased fuel, insufficient maintenance and repair capabilities.
Principle of Solar Water Pump
Solar water pumping system is based on PV technology that converts the sunlight into electricity to pump water. The PV panels are then connected to a motor (DC or AC) which converts the electrical energy supplied by PV panel into form of mechanical energy which is then converted to hydraulic energy by the pump. The capacity of a solar pumping system to pump water consists of three main variables: pressure, flow, and its power to the pump. For design purposes, its pressure can be regarded as the work done by a pump to lift or discharge a certain amount of water up to the storage tank. The difference of elevation between the water source and storage tank determines the work, pump is supposed to do. The water pump will draw out a certain power which a PV array needs to provide. A schematic of a typical direct-coupled DC solar PV water pumping system with MPPT.
Working
The irrigation system consists of two main modules- Solar water pumping module and Automatic irrigation module. The Solar pumping module has the following components: solar panel, control circuit, battery and a water pump powered by the help of solar energy. The solar panels of desired capacity is used to generate electrical energy that can be used to drive the water pump. Convertor circuit is a electric circuit used to convert the direct current (dc) produced via solar panel into alternating current (ac). Battery is also a component used to store the direct current produced from the solar panel. In case of Automatic Irrigation module all the various process in the systems are automatic and do not require constant tracking and feedbacks.
Components Used:
• Solar Panel
• Battery
• Centrifugal Pump
• Converter Circuit
• Water Tank
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